雙重被動(dòng)句

　　句型［主語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)+被動(dòng)不定式+其他］

　　1. The date is expected to be announced soon.

　　2. The gate was ordered to be closed at nine o'clock.

　　3. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.

　　4. These arms are supposed to have been used by partisans during the anti-Japanese war.

　　5. The task is reported to have been completed yesterday.

　　6. The instruments are supposed to be used only by skilled workers.

　　[注] H. W. Fowler 說(shuō)過(guò)，雙重被動(dòng)式，從文體學(xué)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看是應(yīng)該盡量避免，因?yàn)閺谋砻婵磥?lái)容易為類(lèi)似的假象所混淆。如：(錯(cuò)) The house was begun to be built. 不是房子開(kāi)始而是房子的建造開(kāi)始。下列動(dòng)詞不適宜于本句型：attempt, decide, promise, seek, begin, hope, intend, propose, purpose, threaten等。

　　不可說(shuō)：The work was attempted to be done quickly.  應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō)：An attempt was made to do the work quickly.

　　不可說(shuō)：He has been decided to be helped. 應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō)：It has been decided to help him. It has been decided that he should be helped.

　　[附注]主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)互相轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)。

　　1） 基本轉(zhuǎn)換公式：省略。

　　2） 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)一般不得變更動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。另下列各時(shí)式不能用于被動(dòng)句中。

　　1. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)  2. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)  3. 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)  4. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　3）被動(dòng)句中by后接 us, you, them, one時(shí)，by短語(yǔ)可以省略。

　　4）祈使句中使用被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)很少見(jiàn)，以下各句可說(shuō)是例外：Please be seated.   Be trusted rather than feared.

　　一般情況使用let幫助構(gòu)成祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

　　Do one thing at a time. →Let one thing be done at a time. Give him something to eat. →Let something to eat be given (to) him. /→Let him be given something to eat.

　　5）在下列情況下，主動(dòng)句不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句。1. 由于賓語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)不用被動(dòng)句：

　　A. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是缺乏實(shí)義的代詞it時(shí)，不能變，如：walk it, go it, fight it out

　　B. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞時(shí)，不能變，如: (錯(cuò)) Himself was absented by him.

　　C. 賓語(yǔ)前若有主語(yǔ)的物主代詞時(shí)，不能變，如: (錯(cuò)) His finger is cut by him.

　　D. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是each other或one another時(shí)不能變，如: (錯(cuò)) Each other is helped by us.

　　E. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，很少轉(zhuǎn)用于被動(dòng)句。不宜說(shuō)：To go is wanted by me或It is wanted by me to go.

　　2. 由于某些動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)不用被動(dòng)句, 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：become, befit, fail, last, resemble, suit, suffice, wish, disappear, lack want, like, hate, possess, own, contain, have, happen to, belong to, break out, take place, set sail, shake hands with, take part in等。

　　3. 當(dāng)某些動(dòng)賓關(guān)系十分緊密不可分割時(shí)不能變被動(dòng)句。這種組合中的賓語(yǔ)大多表示工具、方式或結(jié)果，如：She leaned her elbows on the table.   He kept silence.   He took (made) a flight.   The boy did not lose heart.  Nydia bowed her gratitude.

　　4. 容易發(fā)生歧義的句子最好不用被動(dòng)句，如：The tall doctor shook his head.

　　6) 有些被動(dòng)句不能變成主動(dòng)句，如：He was killed in war.  It is said that he is ill.

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