過去完成時的基礎知識

過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經發生或完成了的動作，對過去的某一點造成的某種影響或是結果，用來指在另一個過去行動之前就已經完成了的事件。它表示動作發生的時間是“過去的過去”，側重事情的結果。

過去完成時的構成

過去完成時是由“had+過去分詞”構成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.

我很快就意識到我犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.

飛機上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒乘過飛機。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時候他已經回家了嗎?

過去完成時的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一動作或狀態在過去某一時間之前或過去某一動作之前已經完成。句中常用by引導的時間狀語或以before, until, when, than等詞引導的內含一般過去時的時間狀語從句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.

到昨天早上5點鐘時，我們已經做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.

老師從辦公室回來時，他剛把教室打掃完。

They came earlier than we had expected.

他們到得比我們預料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

我在進大學之前就已學了5000個單詞。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.

旱了好幾個月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的復合句中，因為從句動作和主句動作發生的先后順序已經非常明確，可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。

The train (had) started before I reached the station.

在我到達車站之前，列車已經開了。

After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

馬克思到達英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一個動作或狀態在過去某一時刻之前就已開始，一直持續到這一過去時間，還可能再持續下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.

直到那時一切都很順利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

約翰和簡在結婚前就認識很長時間了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.

她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進步。

③“想象性”用法

過去完成時有時表示一種未實現的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導的和過去事實相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導的從句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.

要是她努力的話，她就會成功了。(事實上她沒努力，也沒成功。)

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.

我要是和你一起去音樂會就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.

那兩個陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“剛剛……就……”

過去完成時常用在hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ...等結構中，表示“剛剛……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

他剛到就又走了。

提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動詞的過去完成時可以用來表示一個本來打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.

我原本打算來的，但有事發生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.

我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.

他們原想幫忙的，但沒能及時趕到這里。

過去完成時與一般過去時的比較

一般過去時表示過去時間的動作或狀態。過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在一般過去時表示的動作或狀態之前，因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.

我已歸還了我借的書。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.

他對動詞一無所知，因為他沒有好好學習功課。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

我在車站等了20分鐘車才來。

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