主動語態與被動語態的轉化的基礎知識

中國人的思維的著眼點在動作的施動者，英美人思維的著眼點在動作的承受者。

中國人常這樣說：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準時到那里。

英美人常這樣說：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準時到那里。

這就是英語中被動語態的使用比漢語中多的原因。由于英語句子的主動語態結構不同，因而變成被動語態的方式也各不相同。

主動語態與被動語態的轉化的用法

A. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語

“主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結構中只有一個賓語，變為被動語態時，將賓語變為主語：

They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他們將在會議上討論這個問題。

-- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 這個問題將在會議上討論。

In the past the king possessed great wealth. 過去國王擁有巨大的財富。

n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 過去，巨大的財富為國王所擁有。

B. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語

在這個句型中，謂語動詞跟有兩個賓語。變成被動語態時，一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉化成主語，但有時也可將指物的間接賓語轉化成主語：

We gave the student some books. 我們給了這個學生幾本書。

-- The student was given some books. 這個學生被給了幾本書。

-- Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個學生。

His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。

-- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。

-- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。

注意：用直接賓語作被動語態的主語時，通常要在間接賓語前加上適當的介詞(如to, for, of等)，以加強間接賓語的語氣。

They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他們授予他諾貝爾獎。

-- The Nobel Prize was awarded(to)him. 諾貝爾獎被授予給他。

The host had caught us some fish. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。

n Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。(for不可省)

n

C. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語

在這個句型中，謂語動詞后有一個賓語和一個賓語補足語，變成被動語態時，賓語轉化成主語，賓語補足語也隨之變為主語補足語：

All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。

-- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。

They kept us waiting for a long time. 他們讓我們等了很長時間。

-- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我們等了很長時間。

We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我們認為他是城里最好的醫生。

-- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被認為是城里最好的醫生。

注意：

有些使役動詞和感官動詞,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主動結構中跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，在變為被動結構時，不定式應加上to。

We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我們聽見他向朋友們道別。

n He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被聽到向朋友們道別。

n

D. 含有情態動詞的主動句變被動句

含有情態動詞的謂語變成被動語態時，用“情態動詞+ be done”構成。

情態動詞

cancould

maymight

must

havehad to

willwould

shallshould

ought to

主動形式

cancould do

maymight do

must do

havehad to do

willwould do

shallshould do

ought to do

被動形式

cancould be done

maymight be done

must be done

havehad to be done

willwould be done

shallshould be done

ought to be done

The machine must be operated with care. 這機器必須小心操作。

Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 這個句子不應該用在這里。

What's done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。

People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必須提醒人們當心危險。

E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等結構的主動句變被動句

含有“be going to do和 be to do 等結構的謂語動詞，變成被動語態時，分別用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在這兩種結構中，be只有一般現在時和一般過去時兩種形式。

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 這個問題將在會上討論。

This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 這部新片下周將在電視上放映。

F.含有賓語從句的主動句變被動句

帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態時，通常用it來作為被動句的形式主語，賓語從句保留不變。

They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他們說他出國學英語去了。

-- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據說他出國學英語去了。

We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我們還未決定什么時候去野營。

-- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么時候去野營尚未決定。

提示：

帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態時，為了簡練，還可把從句的主語變為被動句的主語，從句的謂語部分還可以變為不定式短語。

We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會成功。

-- He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會成功。

Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父親希望我成為工程師。

-- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. (父親)希望我成為工程師。

G.祈使句的被動語態

肯定的祈使句的被動語態結構是：Let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞;否定的祈使句的被動語態結構是：Don't + let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞(或Let + 賓語 + not + be + 過去分詞)。

Move the desks into the corridor.

-- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。

Don't trust her.

-- Don't let her be trusted.

-- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。

H. 動詞短語構成的被動語態

一般情況下，只有及物動詞才能跟賓語，而不及物動詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動詞才有被動語態，不及物動詞則沒有被動語態。但有些不及物動詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個動詞短語，相當于一個及物動詞，因此就可以有被動語態。

The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.

-- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫院里被護士們照料得很周到。

They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.

-- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 會議已推遲到下周六了。

注意：

在使用被動語態時，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。

Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習慣應該改掉。

All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了處理。

I. 雙重被動結構

雙重被動結構指的是句中謂語動詞和其后的不定式均為被動結構，句子的主語既是謂語動詞的承受者，同時又是不定式動作的承受者。

They asked us to discuss the problem at once.

-- We were asked to discuss the problem at once.

-- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個問題被要求立刻討論。(雙重被動)

She offered to buy a recorder for me.

-- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要幫我買一臺錄音機。(雙重被動)

The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.

-- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 課桌被要求搬走。(雙重被動)

J.下列句子變成被動語態時，要用with，不用by

Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會議室。

The meeting room was filled with smoke. 會議室里充滿了煙。

A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來。

The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。

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