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來源：網絡資源 2023-10-03 19:30:50
過去完成時精講
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一. 過去完成時
1. 定義：表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發生或完成了的動作或狀態。
2. 構成：had+過去分詞
注意：had是助動詞
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.
我很快就意識到我犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。
The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before.
飛機上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒乘過飛機。
Had he gone home when you arrived?
你到的時候他已經回家了嗎?
(2)常用時間狀語：
1) by +過去時間點或句子;
2) before+過去時間點或句子;
3) when+句子。
3. 用法及標志性詞：
① 過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作以前已經完成了的動作。這個過去的時間常用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句表示，也可以暗含在上下文中。 如：
I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚飯前就把作業做完了。
The play had already started when we got to the theatre.
我們到劇場時戲已經開始了。
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients.
到六月底他們已經治療了一萬多病人。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9點鐘，我們已經收到200 張飛船發來的圖片。
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.
到昨天早上5點鐘時，我們已經做完了那件工作。
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.
老師從辦公室回來時，他剛把教室打掃完。
They came earlier than we had expected.
他們到得比我們預料的要早。
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
我在進大學之前就已學了5000個單詞。
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for manymonths.
旱了好幾個月之后，昨天下雨了。
注意：
① 在包含before和after的復合句中，因為從句動作和主句動作發生的先后順序已經非常明確，可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。
The train (had) started before I reached the station.
在我到達車站之前，列車已經開了。
After he(had)arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
馬克思到達英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。
②過去完成時還可表示過去某一時刻之前發生的動作或狀態持續到過去某個時間或還要持續下去，
常與for，since等詞連用。如：
He had served in the army for ten years before he retired last year.
他在部隊干了十年，去年退役了。
He told me that he had known her since he was a child.
他告訴我他從小就認識她。
He had learned English for eight years before he went to England for further study.
他在去英國深造前，已學了八年英語。
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
當車來的時候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。
He said he had worked in the factory since 1949.
他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.
約翰和簡在結婚前就認識很長時間了。
She said she had made much progress since she came here.
她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進步。
比較：
by the end of + 將來時間點，表示將來, 意為“,到...為止”.通常與一般將來時連用.如：
By the end of 2030, I will go to Hainan to spend my holiday.
到2030年底的時候, 我要去海南度假.
By the end of last month I had spent all my money
到上個月底時，我已經花光了自己所有的錢。
③敘述過去發生的事情之后，反過來追述或補述以前發生的動作時，常使用過去完成時。如：
Tom flew home, but his father had already died.
湯姆乘飛機回家，他的父親卻已經去世了。
Tom died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
湯姆昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。
④在含有定語從句的主從復合句中，如果敘述的是過去的事，先發生的動作常用過去完成時。如：
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已歸還了我借的書。
She found the key that she had lost.
她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
⑤過去完成時用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句中，這時從句的動作發生在主句的過去的動作之前。如：
He said that he had known her well.
他說他很熟悉她。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before.
我認為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
4. 表示意向的動詞，如hope,wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，未能……”。如：
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
我們本希望你能來，但是你沒來。
The terrorists had planned to hijack the airplane, but they were arrested by the agents.
恐怖分子本打算要劫機，但是他們被情報人員逮捕了。(企圖失敗)
5. 過去完成時與一般過去時的區別：
① 過去完成時與一般過去時都可以和確定的過去時間狀語連用，但意思有明顯區別。試比較：
He had finished his homework by eight.
他到八點鐘的時候已經完成家庭作業了。
He finished his homework at eight.
他在八點鐘完成了家庭作業。
②用在賓語從句中，主句謂語為一般過去時的賓語從句中，既可用一般過去時，也可用過去完成時。但兩種時態的意義明顯不同。試比較：
He said he was a soldier.
他說他是位軍人。
He said he had been a soldier.
他說他曾當過兵。
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